
The conventional 2D culture system cannot achieve mass production of high-quality iPSCs because of the inherent heterogeneity, limited scalability and lack of repeatability. In order to break the bottleneck of iPSCs culture from 2D to 3D, a lot of efforts have been done, such as iPSCs in alginate microencapsulates, iPSCs on microcarriers, and iPSCs aggregates. But they are not able to solve the problem perfectly because of multiple restrictions. https://www.creative-biolabs.com/stem-cell-therapy/3d-culture-of-ipsc.htm